1 Is there contamination?

In an environmental epidemiology study, there must be one or more contaminants in the environment. Usually, these types of studies involve looking at a contaminant that was introduced into the environment by humans.

• Do we have strong evidence of contamination?
• Do we have enough information to know where the environmental contamination is located?
• Is there sampling data that shows the contaminants in the air, water, or soil?